Introduction

In the contemporary era of digitalization, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are pervasive. From our mobile devices and wireless network routers to the electrical lines that intersect our urban areas, electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation is consistently present. Despite the convenience brought about by these technological advancements, there is increasing apprehension regarding the possible health hazards linked to extended exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation, including its effects on the neurological system.

EMF Radiations

Electromagnetic waves are classed as Extremely Low Frequency (ELF-EMF), RF-EMF, or Microwave Radiation based on their wavelength range. When using electronic gadgets (such as cell phones, computers, and microwave ovens), electromagnetic waves are produced. These waves can be absorbed by human or animal bodies, and the specific absorption rate (SAR) is a numerical representation of the absorbed waves. Non-ionizing EMF radiation is generally thought to be less dangerous than ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, which have enough energy to ionize atoms and cause direct DNA damage. However, new study indicates that non-ionizing radiation can have major biological consequences, particularly on the nervous system (Kim et al., 2019).

The Human Neurological System: A Delicate Balance
The neurological system is highly intricate and fragile. The central nervous system comprises the brain, spinal cord, and an extensive network of nerves that regulate several aspects of human behavior, including cognition, emotions, movement, and physiological processes. The functional integrity of this system depends on accurate electrical signals. Any interference with these signals can result in a variety of neurological problems, ranging from headaches and sleep disruptions to more severe disorders such as neurodegenerative illnesses (Kempthorne, 2023).

How EMF Radiation Affects the Neurological System

1. Impact on Dopamine Synthesis: Diamine (DA) is a crucial neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, serving as a precursor of norepinephrine. Its primary role is to regulate brain activity related to reward, learning, emotion, motor control, and executive processes. Numerous studies have documented the impact of EMR on dopamine (DA). The exposure to EMR may downregulate dopamine (DA) synthesis in the hippocampus, lead to reduced learning and memory capacity (Ezz at al., 2013).

Abnormal Signal Transduction: Neurotransmitters and their receptors are recognized to participate in several signaling pathways relevant to cell proliferation, death, differentiation, and inflammation. Interactions between neurotransmission and cell signaling can subsequently impact the metabolism and transportation of neurotransmitters. Excessive calcium signaling is the primary mechanism by which EMR exposures generate the major pathophysiological consequences. Furthermore, apart from alterations in calcium signaling, EMR can induce the activation of free radical mechanisms and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons (Stein et al., 2020).

Cell Membrane Demage: It is well recognized that the cell membrane is the initial and crucial recipient of electromotive force (EMF). Cell membrane injury can lead to alterations in neurotransmitter dynamics inside the brain. Exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) can modify the permeability of cell membranes by affecting calcium levels, ionic distribution, and ion permeability. Alterations in membrane permeability can cause harm to the integrity of the membrane and hence disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain (Hui et al., 2018).

Electrophysiological Changes: Several studies suggest that exposure to EMR result in an elevation of cortical excitability and/or efficiency, and these alterations in electrical activity may endure for several minutes after exposure. Furthermore, exposure to EMR resulted in an elevation in cerebral metabolism (PET), a reduction in alpha activity, an augmentation of high beta and gamma frequency activity, prolonged reaction time, and disturbed sleep EEG. Anomalies in brain electrical activity may indicate the modification of neurotransmission caused by EMR, leading to alterations in neurotransmitter distribution (Zhang et al., 2017).

Conclusion

While the convenience of contemporary technology is evident, it is critical to understand the potential health hazards connected with extended EMF radiation exposure, particularly the influence on the neurological system. Understanding these hazards and taking proactive efforts to decrease exposure can help us protect our brain health and overall well-being in an increasingly connected society.

References

1. Ezz, H.A., Khadrawy, Y.A., Ahmed, N.A., Radwan, N.M. and BAKRY, M.E., 2013. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in four different areas of rat brain. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences, 17(13).
2. Hui, W.A.N.G., Zhang, J., Hu, S.H., Tan, S.Z., Zhang, B., Zhou, H.M. and Peng, R.Y., 2018. Real-time microwave exposure induces calcium efflux in primary hippocampal neurons and primary cardiomyocytes. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 31(8), pp.561-571.
3. Kim, J.H., Lee, J.K., Kim, H.G., Kim, K.B. and Kim, H.R., 2019. Possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on central nerve system. Biomolecules & therapeutics, 27(3), p.265.
4. Sharon kempthorne.com. (2023). The delicate balance of the nervous system: restoring harmony | Sharon Kempthorne Restorative Therapeutics.
5. ‌Stein, Y. and Udasin, I.G., 2020. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS, microwave syndrome)–Review of mechanisms. Environmental research, 186, p.109445.
6. Zhang, J., Sumich, A. and Wang, G.Y., 2017. Acute effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phone on brain function. Bioelectromagnetics, 38(5), pp.329-338.